Tuvan English

proper name Great Yenisei River

proper name supreme god

proper name Little Yenisei River

noun phrase Orion (literally evening Venus)

noun phrase Orion

noun phrase name of the upper world - homeland of star shamans

proper name name of the main god (literally universe-world)

noun phrase Mars (literally fire star)

proper name alternative names of a supreme god

noun phrase nine skys (in shamanism meaning nine worlds of the upper universe)

proper name Yenisey River (literally big river)

proper name name of a fantastic bird

noun celestial bodies

noun phrase under world / hell

noun phrase spirits of mountain passes

noun shaman ritual of cleansing

noun phrase middle world / universe (literally this universe / world)

noun phrase grey soul (which stays on earth and bothers life relatives)

noun phrase ritual of invocation for happiness

noun / verb animist ritual, tribal prayings (holiday)

noun smal drum (used by lamas)

noun phrase life soul

verb phrase send curses

noun doll mockup made out of dead person’s clothes

noun honorable place of the master of the home

noun Mongolian calendar

proper name shamans and lamas who can see the spirits

noun phrase fights (quarells), scolding, scandals (literally black mouth-tongue)

noun phrase black astronomy

noun phrase black asronomy

noun phrase under world / hell (literally dark world / universe)

noun big drum (used by lamas)

verb phrase shaman ritual of diverting anger

noun phrase red breath (the last sigh)

noun phrase lama-astrologer

noun Tuvan flute

verb phrase ritual of fixing the birthmark of a person

noun phrase bad soul (used by Southern Tuvans)

noun phrase eternal universe (referring to upper and under worlds)

noun festivities for youth after harvesting (holiday)

noun universe

noun phrase middle world / universe (that is Earth)

noun defenders of teaching (Buddist faith)

noun phrase good soul (used by Southern Tuvans)

noun buddhist monk community

noun Buddgist concept of six worlds

noun local spirit-master

noun phrase yellow or exact astronomy

verb phrase ritual of making sacred bonfire or incense burner in front of a grave (literally put the bonfire)

noun ritual of reading prayers and offering ’prayed’ vodka to the local spirit-master

noun liver pieces wrapped in interior fat

noun / noun phrase pyramidal stone burial constructions

noun / noun phrase soul

noun potential

noun phrase ways of soul to extract the curse out of a body practiced by shamans

noun bloodline (litreally bone)

noun phrase people who are engaged in transportation and burial (literally those who bury bones)

verb ritual of smoking near a grave so the dead one could smoke with the relatives for the last time

noun sack of white color

verb phrase shaman ritual aiming the spirits of taiga

noun phrase master of taiga

noun hell

noun phrase afterlife world for bad people

noun pl chiefs (referring to Soviet party top bosses)

[tos-karak] n. a ritual wooden implement used to sprinkle milk or tea as an offering to the spirits, in the shape of a square spoon with nine holes and a ribbon

Source: First edition

noun phrase great shaman (literally big shaman)

noun phrase female shamans (collective meaning)

noun phrase she-shaman (literally shaman-woman)

noun phrase shaman’s fellow travellers (referring collectively to all mythical-spiritual beings with whom a shaman may interact)

Source: Simchit 2010,

noun smoke hole

verb phrase final stage of shaman ritual (literally closing of chimney (the hole on the top of the yurt))

noun wake ritual (funeral repast)

noun phrase the direction of the harm (unfavorable geografical direction when calculating the element of the birth)

noun prayer service on recovery of a sick person

noun small stones for fortune-telling (used by shamans)

noun ritual of cleansing face and hands after the funerals

noun ritual of calling on happiness (in lamaism)

noun summer camp

noun phrase multiple spirits who give a shaman knowledge and visions

noun phrase under world / hell (literally bottom of the world)

noun phrase cave (literally mouth of the earth)

noun phrase ritual of ’renting the land" (for burials)

noun phrase master of the land

noun phrase the direction of thу evil spirits / devils (unfavorable geographical direction when calculating the element of the birth)

noun luck in hunting

noun phrase agalmatolite (stone used in Tuvan stone carving)

noun buddhist lamp (icon lamp)

noun phrase spirits of the camp

noun doll figure symbolizing sign of illness

noun phrase afterlife world for good people (Shambala)

noun buddhist fortune telling on bones

verb phrase suicide or death through the fault of doctors - euphemism (literally he/she couldn’t stand it any more)

noun scraper

verb phrase euphemism - die suddenly (literally gone with smoke)

noun phrase mourning, grave sign

noun phrase Orion (literally three elks)

noun phrase upper sky

noun phrase wooden spoon or trowel used to "feed" (coax) the spirits of dead people (literally three eyes)

noun destination and deeds

noun phrase dead soul