Tuvan English

noun phrase white sky (the origin of the strongest shamans)

noun phrase Milky way (literally top of sky)

proper name Little Yenisei River

noun phrase black sky (the origin of the strongest shamans)

noun phrase Orion (literally evening Venus)

proper name name of the main god (literally universe-world)

noun phrase Mount Suree - border between the worlds of life and dead

proper name name of the master of the middle world (literally earth-water)

proper name name of the master of the under world

noun phrase hell (literally land of devils)

noun blessed energy (coming from the depictions of saints in buddhism and from reading prayers)

verb get shaman’s illness (meaning become a shaman) (literally get possessed by devils)

noun phrase golden breath (balanced condition of an organism)

noun ritual of cleansing

noun shaman ritual of cleansing

noun pay for shaman services

noun pl half-gods living in the higher world of sansara

noun wandering lamas tradesmen

noun phrase middle world / universe (literally this universe / world)

noun unit of measurement of number of cattle

noun / verb animist ritual, tribal prayings (holiday)

noun board cut

verb phrase send curses

noun phrase a person suffering in his/her life of some kind of harmness / obsticle

noun doll mockup made out of dead person’s clothes

noun phrase middle soul (used by Southern Tuvans)

noun shaman drum

noun honorable place of the master of the home

noun phrase wake (funeral repast) on the 40th day (literally 40 days)

proper name shamans and lamas who can see the spirits

noun blessing, parting wishes/words, wishes

noun phrase master of camp

noun phrase black soul (which guards the grave of a dead person)

noun phrase black sky

noun phrase black (dark) forces

noun phrase under world / hell (literally dark world / universe)

noun big drum (used by lamas)

verb phrase shaman ritual of diverting anger

noun mind, consciousness

noun phrase red caragana (Siberian peashrub)

noun phrase lama-astrologer

noun Tuvan flute

noun phrase the direction of the end of the life (unfavorable geografical direction when calculating the element of the birth)

noun "birthmarks" - according to Buddhism every person has a certain set of birthmarks of different colors and numbers depending on the birth date according to the Luna calendar

noun phrase bad soul (used by Southern Tuvans)

noun phrase eternal universe (referring to upper and under worlds)

verb phrase ritual of burning memorial food in the sacred fire during the funerals

noun phrase middle world / universe (that is Earth)

noun defenders of teaching (Buddist faith)

noun phrase good soul (used by Southern Tuvans)

noun buddhist monk community

noun local spirit-master

noun phrase middle world / universe (literally yellow universe / world)

noun phrase yellow or exact astronomy

verb phrase ritual of making sacred bonfire or incense burner in front of a grave (literally put the bonfire)

noun ritual of reading prayers and offering ’prayed’ vodka to the local spirit-master

noun liver pieces wrapped in interior fat

noun / noun phrase pyramidal stone burial constructions

noun / noun phrase soul

noun potential

noun phrase ways of soul to extract the curse out of a body practiced by shamans

noun sack of white color

noun phrase master of taiga

noun hell

noun phrase afterlife world for bad people

noun mantra

[tos-karak] n. a ritual wooden implement used to sprinkle milk or tea as an offering to the spirits, in the shape of a square spoon with nine holes and a ribbon

Source: First edition

noun / noun phrase breath of life / soul

noun pl children born from parents of different nationalities or ethnicities (somewhat pejorative)

noun phrase shaman tree

noun phrase shaman’s fellow travellers (referring collectively to all mythical-spiritual beings with whom a shaman may interact)

Source: Simchit 2010,

noun phrase life energy

noun devil (used by Southern Tuvans)

verb phrase to pay for shaman services (literally to whiten hands)

noun phrase white caragana (Siberian peashrub)

noun wake ritual (funeral repast)

noun ritual of cleansing face and hands after the funerals

noun ritual of calling on happiness (in lamaism)

noun phrase master of lake

noun curse

noun chosen person who can manage the special stone

noun phrase multiple spirits who give a shaman knowledge and visions

noun phrase hair lasso of handicraft production

noun phrase under world / hell (literally bottom of the world)

noun phrase ritual of ’renting the land" (for burials)

noun phrase master of the land

noun luck in hunting

noun phrase agalmatolite (stone used in Tuvan stone carving)

noun buddhist lamp (icon lamp)

noun basics of buddhist astrology

noun wooden models of sables painted with soot

verb phrase ritual of fixing the birthdate of a person

verb phrase suicide or death through the fault of doctors - euphemism (literally he/she couldn’t stand it any more)

noun stick

noun scraper

noun phrase mourning, grave sign

noun phrase upper universe / paradise

noun phrase wooden spoon or trowel used to "feed" (coax) the spirits of dead people (literally three eyes)

noun destination and deeds

noun phrase dead soul