Tuvan English

noun    European toad

Scientific name: Bufo bufo

Example: Photo by oleg_kosterin / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• amphibian

noun phrase    pine grosbeak

Scientific name: Pinicola enucleator

Example: Photo by stanley_77 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ kadarčy ]

n.    herder

Source: First edition

noun    snow leopard

Scientific name: Panthera uncia

Example: Photo by attila21 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun phrase    yellow-breasted bunting

Scientific name: Emberiza aureola

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    black woodpecker

Scientific name: Dryocopus martius

Example: Photo by ratel / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ čügen ]

n.    bridle

Source: First edition

[ kažaa ]

n.    corral

Source: First edition

noun phrase    hen harrier

Scientific name: Circus cyaneus

Example: Photo by paulcools / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    shelducks

Scientific name: Tadorna

Example: Photo by lada_l / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Siberian ibex

Scientific name: Capra sibirica

Example: Photo by attila21 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun    house sparrow

Scientific name: Passer domesticus

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    wagtail

Scientific name: Motacilla

Example: Photo by gonkem1986 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    viviparous lizard

Scientific name: Zootoca vivipara

Example: Photo by mikvik / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• reptile

noun phrase    bar-headed goose

Scientific name: Anser indicus

Example: Photo by thierrycordenos / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    woodpecker

Scientific name: Picidae

Example: Photo by evgen_gu / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    ortolan

Scientific name: Emberiza hortulana

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    earthworm

Scientific name: Lumbricus terrestris

Example: Photo by ktcorson / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• worm

noun    peregrine falcon

Scientific name: Falco peregrinus

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    grass snake

Scientific name: Natrix natrix

Example: Photo by tusee / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• reptile

noun    Asian badger

Scientific name: Meles leucurus

Example: Photo by siberian_birdguide / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun    willow ptarmigan

Scientific name: Lagopus lagopus

Example: Photo by s_chere / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    garganey

Scientific name: Spatula querquedula

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    shaman’s costume (feathered headdress, ribboned coat)

Source: Simchit 2010, page 50

Semantic domains:

• shamanism

noun phrase    pallas’s reed bunting

Scientific name: Emberiza pallasi

Example: Photo by s_chere / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    bearded reedling

Scientific name: Panurus biarmicus

Example: Photo by cristoph_moning / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Eurasian red squirrel

Scientific name: Sciurus vulgaris

Example: Photo by annave / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun    spotted nutcracker

Scientific name: Nucifraga caryocatactes

Example: Photo by maria_tomsk / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    yellowhammer

Scientific name: Emberiza citrinella

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    goldcrest

Scientific name: Regulus regulus

Example: Photo by vorden / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ dujug ]

n.    hoof

Source: First edition

[ deerbedeer ]

v.    grind grain with millstone

Source: First edition

noun phrase    owls

Scientific name: Strigiformes

Example: Photo by hhempelmann / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ tos ]

n.    birch, birchbark used for kindling

Source: First edition

noun phrase    horned lark

Scientific name: Eremophila alpestris

Example: Photo by kildor / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    kestrel

Scientific name: Falco

Example: Photo by solisia / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    redfin

Scientific name: Perca fluviatilis

Example: Photo by bespalov / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• fish

noun phrase    hawfinch

Scientific name: Coccothraustes coccothraustes

Example: Photo by stanley_77 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ àt ]

n.    horse

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• animal

[ kadarčy ]

n.    shepherd, herder

Source: First edition

noun    sharp-snouted lenok

Scientific name: Brachymystax lenok

Example: Photo by alekseyfaraway / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• fish

noun    common quail

Scientific name: Coturnix coturnix

Example: Photo by tatyana-omck / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ kadaj ]

n.    woman

Source: First edition

[ ežik ]

n.    gate

Source: First edition

noun phrase    mallard

Scientific name: Anas platyrhynchos

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    black redstart

Scientific name: Phoenicurus ochruros

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    bluethroat

Scientific name: Luscinia svecica

Example: Photo by gonkem1986 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    western jackdaw

Scientific name: Coloeus monedula

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    carrion crow

Scientific name: Corvus corone

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    vulture

Scientific name: Accipitridae (vultures)

Example: Photo by g_kolotin / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    European green woodpecker

Scientific name: Picus viridis

Example: Photo by ma_sche / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    common chaffinch

Scientific name: Fringilla coelebs

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Eurasian wryneck

Scientific name: Jynx torquilla

Example: Photo by deniszhbir / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    shaman’s drum

Source: Simchit 2010, page 35

Semantic domains:

• shamanism

noun phrase    common redstart

Scientific name: Phoenicurus phoenicurus

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ mototsikl ]

n.    motorcycle

Source: First edition

noun    Altai mole

Scientific name: Talpa altaica

Example: Photo by lola73 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun phrase    tufted duck

Scientific name: Aythya fuligula

Example: Photo by Frans Vandewalle / Flickr, License: CC-BY-NC via Flickr

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ tarbagan, surok ]

n.    marmot

Source: First edition

noun    lark

Scientific name: Alaudidae

Example: Photo by kildor / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    common crane

Scientific name: Grus grus

Example: Photo by alexeiebel / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    black-throated thrush

Scientific name: Turdus atrogularis

Example: Photo by tomegatherion / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ khönek ]

n.    teapot

Source: First edition

[ urug ]

n.    girl

Source: First edition, Speaker: First edition, df

[ kys ]

n.    girl, female, daughter

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• kinship

[ bala-sogaaš ]

n.    mortar and pestle

Source: First edition

[ demir-khuuŋ ]

n.    bucket (metal)

Source: First edition

noun    bat

Scientific name: Chiroptera

Example: Photo by sidsat / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

[ idik ]

n.    boot, shoe

Source: First edition, Speaker: First edition, df

[ bört ]

n.    hat

Source: First edition

noun    argali

Scientific name: Ovus ammon

Example: Photo by naraa / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

[ saar ]

v.    milk

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• food

noun    European goldfinch

Scientific name: Carduelis carduelis

Example: Photo by alzov / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    grebe

Scientific name: Podicipediformes

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    seagull

Scientific name: Laridae

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Asian rosy finch

Scientific name: Leucosticte arctoa

Example: Photo by s_chere / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    map butterfly

Scientific name: Araschnia levana

Example: Photo by annave / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• insect

noun phrase    Eurasian nuthatch

Scientific name: Sitta europaea

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    moor frog

Scientific name: Rana arvalis

Example: Photo by alzov / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• amphibian

noun    great bustard

Scientific name: Otis tarda

Example: Photo by Sergey Yeliseev / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via Flickr

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    rock dove

Scientific name: Columba livia

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Isabelline wheatear

Scientific name: Oenanthe isabellina

Example: Photo by paulcools / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Siberian wapiti

Scientific name: Cervus canadensis ssp. sibiricus

Example: Photo by akilee / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun phrase    common redstart

Scientific name: Phoenicurus phoenicurus

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Northern wheatear

Scientific name: Oenanthe oenanthe

Example: Photo by thierrycordenos / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ yt ]

n.    dog

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• animal

noun    swallow

Scientific name: Hirundinidae

Example: Photo by evgenyboginsky / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    eurasian golden oriole

Scientific name: Oriolus oriolus

Example: Photo by sofya_priezzhih / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    common pochard

Scientific name: Aythya ferina

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    red-necked phalarope

Scientific name: Phalaropus lobatus

Example: Photo by alexeiebel / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    red fox

Scientific name: Vulpes vulpes

Example: Photo by os-a / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun    Siberian chipmunk

Scientific name: Eutamias sibiricus

Example: Photo by s_chere / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun phrase    song thrush

Scientific name: Turdus philomelos

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    european herring gull

Scientific name: Larus argentatus

Example: Photo by thierrycordenos / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ dooraar ]

v.    chop

Source: First edition

noun    white wagtail

Scientific name: Motacilla alba

Example: Photo by stanley_77 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ kapka ]

n.    trap

Source: First edition

[ araga ]

n.    alcohol(ic) drink, fermented milk alcohol

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• food

noun phrase    rough-legged buzzard

Scientific name: Buteo lagopus

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ tos-karak ]

n.    a ritual wooden implement used to sprinkle milk or tea as an offering to the spirits, in the shape of a square spoon with nine holes and a ribbon

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• food
• religion