Tuvan English

noun    peregrine falcon

Scientific name: Falco peregrinus

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    hen harrier

Scientific name: Circus cyaneus

Example: Photo by paulcools / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    mallard

Scientific name: Anas platyrhynchos

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    eurasian hoopoe

Scientific name: Upupa epops

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    grey heron

Scientific name: Ardea cinerea

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ ežik ]

n.    gate

Source: First edition

noun phrase    tufted duck

Scientific name: Aythya fuligula

Example: Photo by Frans Vandewalle / Flickr, License: CC-BY-NC via Flickr

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    bohemian waxwing

Scientific name: Bombycilla garrulus

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    kind of spider

Scientific name: Araneidae

Example: Photo by natalya_eromasova / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• arachnid

[ yjaš ]

n.    wood

Source: First edition

noun    earthworm

Scientific name: Lumbricus terrestris

Example: Photo by ktcorson / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• worm

[ düler ]

v.    cook

Source: First edition

noun    Altai mole

Scientific name: Talpa altaica

Example: Photo by lola73 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

[ saržag ]

n.    congealed (yellow) butter

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• color

noun phrase    lesser black-backed gull

Scientific name: Larus fuscus

Example: Photo by ludmilapozhidaeva / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    map butterfly

Scientific name: Araschnia levana

Example: Photo by annave / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• insect

noun    cuckoo

Scientific name: Cuculiformes

Example: Photo by stanley_77 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ pressa, parlalga ]

n.    press

Source: First edition

noun phrase    crossbill

Scientific name: Loxia

Example: Photo by bespalov / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ araga ]

n.    alcohol(ic) drink, fermented milk alcohol

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• food

noun phrase    Eurasian penduline-tit

Scientific name: Remiz pendulinus

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ kadarčy ]

n.    shepherd, herder

Source: First edition

[ deerbedeer ]

v.    grind grain with millstone

Source: First edition

noun    loon

Scientific name: Gavia

Example: Photo by valeriya_xoma / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    citrine wagtail

Scientific name: Motacilla citreola

Example: Photo by at0m / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ dooraar ]

v.    chop

Source: First edition

noun    Isabelline wheatear

Scientific name: Oenanthe isabellina

Example: Photo by paulcools / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    European toad

Scientific name: Bufo bufo

Example: Photo by oleg_kosterin / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• amphibian

[ kadaj ]

n.    woman

Source: First edition

noun phrase    common redstart

Scientific name: Phoenicurus phoenicurus

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    mongolian lark

Scientific name: Melanocorypha mongolica

Example: Photo by yuchingtam / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ igil ]

n.    horsehead fiddle

Source: First edition

noun phrase    bearded reedling

Scientific name: Panurus biarmicus

Example: Photo by cristoph_moning / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    Eurasian spoonbill

Scientific name: Platalea leucorodia

Example: Photo by nikborrow / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    redfin

Scientific name: Perca fluviatilis

Example: Photo by bespalov / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• fish

noun phrase    black woodpecker

Scientific name: Dryocopus martius

Example: Photo by ratel / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ kys ]

n.    girl, female, daughter

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• kinship

noun    wagtail

Scientific name: Motacilla

Example: Photo by gonkem1986 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Pallas’s sandgrouse

Scientific name: Syrrhaptes paradoxus

Example: Photo by andriy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    pallas’s reed bunting

Scientific name: Emberiza pallasi

Example: Photo by s_chere / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    white wagtail

Scientific name: Motacilla alba

Example: Photo by stanley_77 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ kadarčy ]

n.    herder

Source: First edition

noun    Eurasian wryneck

Scientific name: Jynx torquilla

Example: Photo by deniszhbir / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Asian rosy finch

Scientific name: Leucosticte arctoa

Example: Photo by s_chere / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    great bustard

Scientific name: Otis tarda

Example: Photo by Sergey Yeliseev / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via Flickr

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ batkan sug ]

n.    stream

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• geography

noun    dragonfly

Scientific name: Odonata

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• insect

noun phrase    European green woodpecker

Scientific name: Picus viridis

Example: Photo by ma_sche / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    spotted nutcracker

Scientific name: Nucifraga caryocatactes

Example: Photo by maria_tomsk / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ urug ]

n.    girl

Source: First edition, Speaker: First edition, df

noun    eurasian golden oriole

Scientific name: Oriolus oriolus

Example: Photo by sofya_priezzhih / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ sandaj ]

n.    chair, stool, bench

Source: First edition

noun    argali

Scientific name: Ovus ammon

Example: Photo by naraa / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun phrase    Asian dowitcher

Scientific name: Limnodromus semipalmatus

Example: Photo by 台灣水鳥研究群 彰化海岸保育行動聯盟 / Flickr, License: CC-BY-NC-SA via Flickr

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    moor frog

Scientific name: Rana arvalis

Example: Photo by alzov / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• amphibian

noun phrase    pine grosbeak

Scientific name: Pinicola enucleator

Example: Photo by stanley_77 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    black kite

Scientific name: Milvus migrans

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    viviparous lizard

Scientific name: Zootoca vivipara

Example: Photo by mikvik / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• reptile

[ muzykant ]

n.    musician

Source: First edition

noun    Siberian wapiti

Scientific name: Cervus canadensis ssp. sibiricus

Example: Photo by akilee / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun    eagle

Scientific name: Aquila

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    red-necked phalarope

Scientific name: Phalaropus lobatus

Example: Photo by alexeiebel / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    kestrel

Scientific name: Falco

Example: Photo by solisia / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Northern wheatear

Scientific name: Oenanthe oenanthe

Example: Photo by thierrycordenos / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    black-throated thrush

Scientific name: Turdus atrogularis

Example: Photo by tomegatherion / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    lark

Scientific name: Alaudidae

Example: Photo by kildor / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    Siberian ibex

Scientific name: Capra sibirica

Example: Photo by attila21 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun phrase    siberian rubythroat

Scientific name: Luscinia calliope

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    owls

Scientific name: Strigiformes

Example: Photo by hhempelmann / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    horned lark

Scientific name: Eremophila alpestris

Example: Photo by kildor / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    swift

Scientific name: Apodidae

Example: Photo by ruzovdmitry / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    rosy starling

Scientific name: Pastor roseus

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    carrion crow

Scientific name: Corvus corone

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    vulture

Scientific name: Accipitridae (vultures)

Example: Photo by g_kolotin / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    shaman’s drum

Source: Simchit 2010, page 35

Semantic domains:

• shamanism

noun    western jackdaw

Scientific name: Coloeus monedula

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    snow leopard

Scientific name: Panthera uncia

Example: Photo by attila21 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

[ èt ]

n.    meat

Source: First edition, Speaker: First edition, df

Semantic domains:

• food

noun phrase    thrush nightingale

Scientific name: Luscinia luscinia

Example: Photo by alexeiebel / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ tos-karak ]

n.    a ritual wooden implement used to sprinkle milk or tea as an offering to the spirits, in the shape of a square spoon with nine holes and a ribbon

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• food
• religion

noun    willow ptarmigan

Scientific name: Lagopus lagopus

Example: Photo by s_chere / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    goldcrest

Scientific name: Regulus regulus

Example: Photo by vorden / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    woodpecker

Scientific name: Picidae

Example: Photo by evgen_gu / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    long-tailed ground squirrel

Scientific name: Urocitellus undulatus

Example: Photo by attila21 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun    Siberian slamander

Scientific name: Salamandrella keyserlingii

Example: Photo by amarzee / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• amphibian

noun phrase    pine grosbeak

Scientific name: Pinicola enucleator

Example: Photo by stanley_77 / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC-ND via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    white-winged redstart

Scientific name: Phoenicurus erythrogastrus

Example: Photo by dmitrydubikovskiy / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ sarlyk ]

n.    yak

Source: First edition

Semantic domains:

• animal

noun phrase    black redstart

Scientific name: Phoenicurus ochruros

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    greylag goose

Scientific name: Anser anser

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ kakpa-duzak ]

n.    trap

Source: First edition

noun phrase    red-billed chough

Scientific name: Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax

Example: Photo by aquacielo / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    common snipe

Scientific name: Gallinago gallinago

Example: Photo by alexandrkochetkov / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    scraper

Semantic domains:

• religion
• transport

noun phrase    Eurasian coot

Scientific name: Fulica atra

Example: Photo by David Cook Wildlife Photography / Flickr, License: CC-BY-NC via Flickr

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun phrase    booted eagle

Scientific name: Hieraaetus pennatus

Example: Photo by irinakrug / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

noun    bat

Scientific name: Chiroptera

Example: Photo by sidsat / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• mammal

noun    European goldfinch

Scientific name: Carduelis carduelis

Example: Photo by alzov / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-NC via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird

[ ool (oglu) ]

n.    boy, son

Source: First edition, Speaker: First edition, df

Semantic domains:

• kinship

noun phrase    rock dove

Scientific name: Columba livia

Example: Photo by janems / iNaturalist, License: CC-BY-SA via inaturalist.org

Semantic domains:

• bird